Only you can make the decision about whether or not to participate in a clinical trial. Before you make your decision, you should:

• Learn as much as possible about your disease and the trials that are available to you.
• Then, talk about this information and how you feel about it with your doctor and/or nurse, family members and friends to help you determine what is right for you.

What are the potential risks and benefits of clinical trials?

Potential benefits include:

• Health care provided by leading physicians in the field of cancer research.
• Access to new drugs and interventions before they are widely available.
• Close monitoring of your health care and any side effects.
• A more active role in your own health care.
• If the approach being studied is found to be helpful, you may be among the first to benefit.
• An opportunity to make a valuable contribution to cancer research.

The potential risks include:

• New drugs and procedures may have side effects or risks unknown to the doctors.
• New drugs and procedures may be ineffective, or less effective, than current approaches.
• Even if a new approach has benefits, it may not work for you.

How are participants protected?

The government has a system designed to protect human research subjects. Before a government-funded clinical trial can begin, the trial plan (also called a protocol) must be approved. During the trial, review committees make sure that the plan is being followed and participants are being protected.

Regulations require the researchers performing studies to thoroughly inform patients about a study's treatments and tests and their possible benefits and risks before a patient decides whether or not to participate in any study. This process is called informed consent.

What is informed consent?

Informed consent is a process in which you learn the key facts about a clinical trial before you decide whether or not to participate. In addition to talking about these facts with the research doctor or nurse, they will be included in a written consent form that you can take home to read and discuss. The consent form will include details about:

• the study approach
• the intervention given in the trial
• the possible risks and benefits
• the tests you may have

Don't hesitate to ask questions until you have all the information you need.  While informed consent begins before you agree to participate in a trial, you should feel free to ask the health-care team any questions you have at any point. Informed consent continues as long as you are in the study. You can change your mind and leave the study whenever you want -- before the study starts or at any time during the study or follow-up period.

Could I receive a placebo?

In treatment trials involving people who have cancer, placebos ("dummy" pills that contain no active ingredient) are very rarely used. Many treatment trials are designed to compare a new treatment with a standard treatment, which is the best treatment currently known for a cancer based on results of past research. In these studies, patients are randomly assigned to one group or another. When no standard treatment exists for a cancer, a study may compare a new treatment with a placebo. However, you will be told about this possibility during informed consent, before you decide whether or not to take part in the study.

What happens during a trial?

If you decide to participate in a clinical trial, you will work with a research team. Team members may include doctors, nurses, social workers, dieticians, and other health care professionals. They will provide your care, monitor your health carefully, and give you specific instructions about the study.